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中庸世界与极端世界遵循不同的风险规律

中庸世界里,单个样本很难改变总量;极端世界里,一个样本就可能压过其余全部。身高、体重和卡路里摄入更接近中庸世界,财富、书籍销量、战争死亡和金融市场则更接近极端世界。

In Extremistan, inequalities are such that one single observation can disproportionately impact the aggregate, or the total.

极端世界会产生黑天鹅。正态分布会把极端偏差排除在模型之外 的问题,在于拿中庸世界的工具去处理极端世界。

Mediocristan is where we must endure the tyranny of the collective, the routine, the obvious, and the predicted; Extremistan is where we are subjected to the tyranny of the singular, the accidental, the unseen, and the unpredicted.

——收入 书架 · 思维模型