夜航船

Hindsight Bias 后见之明

后见之明是大脑的剪辑术:结果一旦揭晓,记忆就回去把线索重新排序,剪成一部"早有伏笔"的电影。于是人人都说:我早就知道会这样

The Social Animal 里 Aronson 的原文:

it's also likely that you are acting on the hindsight bias, which refers to our tendency to overestimate our powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a given event. (Location 254) Numerous studies have demonstrated this bias, from predicting the outcomes of elections ("I always knew he'd win, even if the polls didn't say so") to predicting how a given social psychology experiment will turn out ("Oh, please, it was obvious the participants would obey those cruel instructions"). (Location 256)

它的动力来自大脑对剧情的贪食:噪音必须被讲成故事才好存储——这是 故事的力量 的阴暗面。它和 火鸡问题 是一对镜像:火鸡对未来过度自信,后见之明制造对过去的过度自信;两者合谋,让世界显得比实际可预测,让下一次重注显得比实际安全。

卡尼曼写决策者受到事后审判时,有一句很准确:

When the outcomes are bad, the clients often blame their agents for not seeing the handwriting on the wall—forgetting that it was written in invisible ink that became legible only afterward.

——Daniel Kahneman,Thinking, Fast and Slow

结果不好,不表示当时的决定一定愚蠢;结果很好,也不表示过程合理。小数定律让小样本显得比实际可靠极端表现之后,常常只是回归均值 还会继续制造材料,让事后的故事看起来比数据本身整齐。

解药朴素得让人失望:在结果揭晓之前,白纸黑字写下判断和理由,不给记忆留剪辑的余地。这也是写作在这条船上的用处之一。

真正拿它来检查时,要在“我早就知道”出现后去找旧记录。找不到,就别把结果揭晓后的熟悉感当成当时的预测。

——收入 思维模型 · 心理学

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