夜航船

风险对称:收益与损失应落回同一决策者

一个人拿走收益时,也应该承担一部分失败的代价。决定权、收益和损失落在不同的人身上,错误就不容易得到现实反馈。基金经理赚了可以分成,亏损主要由投资人承担;顾问推荐昂贵方案,项目失败后仍能继续服务下一位客户。

这也是 建议的可信度取决于建议者承担多少后果 的前提。建议者是否真诚当然重要,但利益结构会在他没有恶意时照样发挥作用。完全不受结果影响的人,更容易低估别人的下行风险。

风险对称不要求每个人承担相同的损失。掌握更多权力、信息和控制能力的人,理应承担更大的责任。真正要检查的是,权力与后果之间有没有被切断。规则很严,也可能只是在保护分赃 记录了一个很具体的反例:规则十分精细,承担成本的人和分享收益的人仍然分开。

Skin in the Game》原文:

Skin in the Game is about four topics in one: a) uncertainty and the reliability of knowledge (both practical and scientific, assuming there is a difference), or in less polite words bull***t detection, b) symmetry in human affairs, that is, fairness, justice, responsibility, and reciprocity, c) information sharing in transactions, and d) rationality in complex systems and in the real world. That these four cannot be disentangled is something that is obvious when one has…skin in the game.* Second, it is about the distortions of symmetry and reciprocity in life: If you have the rewards, you must also get some of the risks, not let others pay the price of your mistakes. If you inflict risk on others, and they are harmed, you need to pay some price for it. Just as you should treat others in the way you’d like to be treated, you would like to share the responsibility for events without unfairness and inequity.

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